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CVE-2025-49600
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Date: July 3, 2025
In MbedTLS 3.3.0 before 3.6.4, mbedtls_lms_verify may accept invalid signatures if hash computation fails and internal errors go unchecked, enabling LMS (Leighton-Micali Signature) forgery in a fault scenario. Specifically, unchecked return values in mbedtls_lms_verify allow an attacker (who can induce a hardware hash accelerator fault) to bypass LMS signature verification by reusing stale stack data, resulting in acceptance of an invalid signature. In mbedtls_lms_verify, the return values of the internal Merkle tree functions create_merkle_leaf_value and create_merkle_internal_value are not checked. These functions return an integer that indicates whether the call succeeded or not. If a failure occurs, the output buffer (Tc_candidate_root_node) may remain uninitialized, and the result of the signature verification is unpredictable. When the software implementation of SHA-256 is used, these functions will not fail. However, with hardware-accelerated hashing, an attacker could use fault injection against the accelerator to bypass verification.
Severity Score
Related Resources (5)
Severity Score
Weakness Type (CWE)
Missing Cryptographic Step
CWE-325Top Fix

CVSS v3.1
Base Score: |
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Attack Vector (AV): | PHYSICAL |
Attack Complexity (AC): | HIGH |
Privileges Required (PR): | NONE |
User Interaction (UI): | NONE |
Scope (S): | CHANGED |
Confidentiality (C): | NONE |
Integrity (I): | HIGH |
Availability (A): | NONE |