For each non-complete SctpMessage fragment the handler does "fragments.put(streamId, Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(frag, byteBuf))", wrapping the previous accumulator and the new slice into a new CompositeByteBuf every time. After N fragments the accumulator is an N-deep chain of composites, each holding references and component arrays; readableBytes()/getBytes() on the final buffer recurse N levels. There is no limit on N, on total bytes, or on the number of streamIdentifiers an attacker can open (each gets its own map entry). A peer that never sets the "complete" flag can grow this structure indefinitely from tiny 1-byte DATA chunks.